Important Banking Terms and Terminologies You Must know

Banking terms and concepts have always been part of our economics book. But they are hard to remember and tricky to apply. We all know that monetary policy revolves around repo rates, bank rates, and multiple other rates. This can lead to confusion between the concepts.

This article includes important banking terms for competitive exams. They are defined in simple language to make you understand better. They are not only important for banking exams but are asked in other general ability papers as well.

1. Repo Rate

Repo rate is the rate at which the Central Bank of a country lends money to its commercial banks against securities in the event of any shortfall of funds.

2. Reverse Repo Rate

Reserve Repo is just the opposite if the repo where the Central Bank borrows money from the commercial banks. So the reverse repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of the country borrows money from its commercial banks for short term purposes.

3. Interest Rate

Interest rate is the amount you are charged for borrowing money, shown as a percentage of the total amount of the loan.

4. Statutory Liquidity Ratio

Statutory Liquidity Ratio or SLR is a minimum percentage of deposits that a commercial bank has to maintain in the form of liquid cash, gold or other securities. It is basically the reserve requirement that banks are expected to keep before offering credit to customers.

5. Cash Reserve Ratio

Under cash reserve ratio (CRR), the commercial banks have to hold a certain minimum amount of deposit as reserves with the central bank. The percentage of cash required to be kept in reserves as against the bank’s total deposits, is called the Cash Reserve Ratio.

6. Retail Banking

It is a service offered by many banks across the country. This allows every consumer to manage their accounts, enjoy access to their credits, and secure their money conveniently. This is also called consumer banking.

7. Call Money

It is a short term loan with usually higher interest. The maturity period of this is between 1 to 14 days. The lender can ask for the money anytime they want. If it is repaid within a day then it becomes call money. And if it is repaid after more than a day then it becomes notice money.

8. Capital Market / Money Market

The capital market deals with long term debts. It raises capital shares by dealing in shares, bonds, and other long-term investments. It is possible in primary and in secondary markets. The money market, on the other hand, deals with short term funds. The maturity period is usually less than 365 days.

9. Non Performing Assets

It is any loan that is overdue for more than 90 – 180 days. The interest or payment is missed and the loan becomes the default. The asset kept with the bank is not producing income anymore making it a non-performing asset.

10. Money Inflation/ Deflation

It refers to an increase in the money supply in the market reducing the purchasing power of the consumer. In easy words, the value of money drops, and fewer goods are consumed per unit currency. Deflation on the other hand refers to a decrease in the money supply that increases the purchasing power of the consumer.

11. Negative Interest Rate

It is a policy that allows central banks to charge interest to commercial banks for depositing money with the central bank. This, in turn, allows commercial banks to charge interest for cash deposits by customers rather than paying interest. This situation usually occurs at the time of deflation.

12. Green Banking

It is an idea to promote environmentally friendly practices to reduce carbon footprint by banking activities. It aims to achieve banking and environmental sustainability.

13. Blockchain System

It is a system to record information in a difficult way to prevent hacking and cheating of the system. It uses a digital ledger that is distributed across a number of networks. As a result, the data is available in sections across multiple locations making it difficult to hack.

14. Balloon Mortgage

It is a type of loan that allows borrowers to make low payments in the initial period, but repayment of the balance amount in a lump sum at maturity. The last payment becomes Balloon payment because of a higher amount.

15. Skimming

It is an act to steal the customer’s personal information. It is done by using a magnetic stripe of the card. This is illegal and comes under cybercrime.

16. Money Laundering

It is an illegal financial process that includes criminals concealing the origin of money. It is usually to cover up the black money generated by illegal activities.

17. Cheque

It is a paper that instructs the bank to pay a specific amount from one account to another account to whom the cheque is issued.

18. Direct Credit

It is an electronic transfer of funds from the payer’s account to the payee’s account. Direct Debit, on the other hand, is an instruction to your bank that allows a third party to make a transaction from your account. It is usually for paying bills.

19. Cash Credit

It is a type of loan which is short term in nature and fixed in the limit. It is usually extended by a bank to a company to meet its working capital requirements. Overdraft, on the other hand, allows extension of loans for personal use as well even with the low account balance.

20. Bill of Exchange

It is a financial instrument that instructs the person to make a payment of a specified amount to the signatory of the note. They are usually a part of international trade.

21. Core Banking Solutions

It is a software that allows customers to access their bank accounts from any of the member branch offices.

22. Micro ATMs

It’s a card swipe device directly connected to the main banking system. They are present at the locations where bank branches cannot reach.

23. Letter of Credit

It is a document by the bank that guarantees full payment by the buyer to the seller on time. In case the buyer fails, the bank covers the payment. It is an undertaking by the bank to the seller.

24. Bancassurance

It is an agreement between banks and insurance companies. In this, the bank offers insurance benefits to its customers.

25. Banking Ombudsman

It is a judicial authority that allows customers to file complaints if they are not happy with banking services.

26. NOSTRO Account

It is an account that the bank has of foreign currency deposits with another bank of that country. It is to initiate foreign exchange and trade transactions.

27. VOSTRO Account

It is an account that a bank holds on behalf of another bank. The funds in this account are for foreign counterparts.

28. CASA Account

It is a combination of current and savings accounts. It offers features of both the accounts. CASA Account has a low-interest rate on the current account and above-average return on saving return.

29. RAFA Account

It is the ratio of deposits in Recurring Deposit Account Fixed Deposit Account of a bank.

30. DEMAT Account

It is an account that allows Indian citizens to deal with stocks and debentures listed in the stock market. Like normal accounts have money deposits, Demat accounts have stock deposits.

31. Insolvency

It is a situation in which the person/company is unable to pay its debts on time.

32. Bankruptcy

After a person or company becomes insolvent, they can seek relief from some or all debts. This legal process is Bankruptcy.

33. Amortization

It is the process of distributing the payments in smaller installments. And amortization of assets is allotting a price to an intangible asset.

34. Credit Crunch

It is a situation in which there is a sudden fall in the availability of loans from banks and other lenders.

35. Off-Balance Sheet Exposure

This sheet includes all activities that do not involve lending or borrowing but generate fee income for banks.

36. Priority Sector Lending

According to this, all the banks have to offer a specified proportion to certain sectors like micro and small industries, agriculture, etc.

37. Credit Rating

It is a system to recognize an individual’s ability to pay back the loan according to his past dealings and transactions.

38. Real-Time Gross Settlement

It is a process that allows instant transfer of funds in real-time. This means that the transaction is on a gross basis.

39. Electronic Cheque Clearing

It is a Electronic cheque clearing is the process is the process of converting an orginal paper cheque into an image for electronic processing of the financial transactions between banks.

40. Cryptocurrency

A cryptocurrency is an encrypted data string that denotes a unit of currency. It is monitored and organized by a peer-to-peer network called a blockchain, which also serves as a secure ledger of transactions, e.g., buying, selling, and transferring. Unlike physical money, cryptocurrencies are decentralized, which means they are not issued by governments or other financial institutions.

The above-given terms are common in the general awareness section of competitive. I have tried to cover as many terms as possible. If you are an aspirant then this article is for you. Every year questions are there from this content.

This will help students score well in the banking and accounts section. Read it thoroughly for the exams and to understand the banking system better.